A review on the research progress of the Phytocyanin (PC) protein family

Phytocyanins (PCs) are a class of plant-specific typeⅠsmall-molecule blue-copper proteins involved in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. Despite their importance, functional analysis of PC proteins remains limited, and their molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. This review examines the structural features, classification, and expression patterns of PC proteins. In addition, it summarizes recent advancements in the study of PC proteins, focusing on their roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Unresolved issues and challenges in PC research are also discussed. This work aims to provide a theoretical reference for understanding the molecular mechanisms of PC proteins and for breeding stress-resistant crop cultivars.