Population Survival Status and Chemical Characterization of Wild Phellodendron amurense Rupr. in China
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摘要: 黄檗(Phellodendron amurense Rupr.)为我国常用中药关黄柏的基原,也是国家二级保护植物,但在20世纪60-90年代其野生资源遭到严重破坏,并且至今种群规模未得到很好的恢复。本文对我国燕山、千山、长白山、张广才岭、小兴安岭5条山脉黄檗野生种群的种群密度、年龄结构(径级结构)、生物碱类成分含量等进行了调查和研究,结果显示:黄檗野生种群年龄结构呈纺锤形,幼龄级、青壮级个体分别占总个体数的13.9%和68.0%,表明幼龄植株储备匮乏,天然更新不足,总体呈严重的衰退趋势,受威胁状况严峻;千山种群的小檗碱、巴马汀、黄柏碱含量及生物碱总量最高,而小兴安岭种群最低,且二者与其他三条山脉黄檗种群的生物碱类成分含量差异显著。本研究结果表明,野生黄檗种群分布区缩小,年龄结构呈衰退趋势,部分种群个体数量极少,即使在保护状态下也难以自我恢复;千山黄檗种群的生物碱类成分含量较高,在开展药材生产时应予以重视。Abstract: Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is an endangered species and common medicinal plant with a long history in China. However, wild resources suffered severe damage from the 1960s to 1990s, and have, thus far, exhibited poor recovery. In this study, we researched population density and structure based on an extensive survey of 38 wild populations in the Yanshan, Qianshan, Changbaishan, Zhangguangcailing and Xiaoxing'anling mountains in norther and northeastern China, and applied HPLC to research the regional characteristics of alkaloid composition, including that of berberine, palmatine, phellodendrine, magnoflorine, and jatrorrhizine. The population structure of P. amurense showed a spindle shape, with the percentage of young and adult individuals being 13.9% and 68.0%, respectively. Overall, this showed a severe recession trend and seriously threatened condition due to the low numbers of young plants and insufficient natural regeneration. Chemical data showed that berberine, palmatine, phellodendrine, and total alkaloid content in P. amurense was the highest in Qianshan Mountain and the lowest in Xiaoxing'anling Mountain, with both showing significant differences compared with contents from the other three mountains. We conclud that the wild population distribution area of P. amurense is declining in China. Furthermore, the population age structure shows a decreasing trend and populations with few individuals have not managed self-restoration. The alkaloid content of P. amurense from low latitude areas, such as Qianshan Mountain, is significantly higher, which should be taken into consideration in regards to medicinal production.
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