Abstract: Anhui province is located in the middlelower reaches of the Yangzi River,distributed in the southeast of China.It covers an area of 139600 km²,and is bordered by the provinces of Jiangsu on the east,Zhejiang on the southeast,Jiangxi on the south,Hubei on the southwest,Henan on the west and Shandong on the north.This thesis is mostly based on about 2000 packages of bryophytes which were mainly collected by the authors in Anhui province during March in 2006 to October in 2007,and based on several past publications available to authors on the bryophytes of the Anhui province.The species abundance index of mosses was measured respectively in seven provinces,and the results showed that is the third most abundant species diversity of mosses which distribute in Anhui province.The generic index of mosses of Anhui is lowest among seven provinces.Compared the species abundance index with physical geographical conditions of seven provinces,it could be considered that geographical location,percent of hill and mountainous areas in the total areas,annual mean temperature,annual precipitation etc.,affect the diversity and richness of mosses.