Characteristics of dominant tree species and their niches in the middle section of the Nanling Mountains with altitudinal gradient
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摘要:
本研究在南岭中段海拔400~1 800 m天然林保存良好的区域建立45块生态监测样地，并根据这些样地的海拔分布范围和树种组成归类为4种森林植被类型。通过调查评估关键生态位特征参数指标及生态位资源利用假说的论证，研究不同海拔梯度优势树种的差异及其生态位特征。结果显示：（1）不同海拔梯度优势种存在一定差异性，海拔高差越大，优势种组成差异越明显。（2）高海拔的常绿阔叶矮林区域优势树种对资源需求具有高度的一致性，种间竞争最激烈。（3）优势树种的生态位宽度与其重要值呈弱正相关，与重要值变异系数则呈显著负相关；生态位宽度与生态位的重叠和相似性之间存在一定的联系，但这种联系无明显的规律。（4）重要值和生态位宽度较大且变异系数较小的树种为甜槠（Castanopsis eyrei （Champ.） Tutch）、青冈（Cyclobalanopsis glauca （Thunb.） Oerst）和木荷（Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.），提示这几个树种是南岭中段地区主要的建群树种。（5）中低海拔区域的林分对资源利用方式的划分较符合生态位理论资源利用假说中的随机生态位边界假说；高海拔区域的林分对资源利用方式符合生态位优先占领假说。
Abstract:This study established 45 ecological monitoring plots in well-preserved natural forests within an altitudinal range of 400–1 800 m in the middle section of the Nanling Mountains. These plots were classified into four forest vegetation types based on elevation range and species composition. This study assessed the differences in dominant tree species and their niche characteristics along various altitudinal gradients by surveying key ecological niche parameters and evaluating the niche resource utilization hypothesis. Results indicated that: (1) Dominant species varied at different altitudes, with more pronounced differences in species composition observed at higher altitudinal differences; (2) In the evergreen broad-leaved dwarf forest at higher altitudes, dominant species exhibited a high degree of uniformity in resource requirements, accompanied by intense interspecific competition; (3) A weak positive correlation was found between the niche width of dominant species and their importance value, while a significant negative correlation was observed with the coefficient of variation of importance value. Although niche width was related to niche overlap and similarity, no clear pattern was established; (4) Species with higher importance values, larger niche widths, and smaller coefficients of variation included Castanopsis eyrei (Champ.) Tutch, Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst, and Schima superba Gardn. et Champ., suggesting that these species are the primary constructive species in the middle section of the Nanling Mountains. These findings provide theoretical support for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems and the conservation of plant diversity in the middle section of the Nanling Mountains and beyond; (5) The division of resource utilization in forest stands at middle and low altitudes aligned more closely with the random niche boundary hypothesis in the resource utilization hypothesis of niche theory; in high-altitude areas, the resource utilization mode of forest stands conformed to the niche priority occupation hypothesis.
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Keywords:
- Nanling Mountains /
- Niche characteristics /
- Resource competition /
- Niche hypothesis
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图 1 不同海拔优势树种非度量多维尺度（NMDS）标序图
Figure 1. Non-metric multidimensional scale （NMDS） sequence diagrams of dominant tree species at different altitudes
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图 2 不同海拔梯度优势树种生态位宽度典范对应分析（CCA）二维排序
Figure 2. Canonical correspondence analysis （CCA） two-dimensional ordination of niche breadth of dominant tree species at different altitudinal gradients
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图 3 不同海拔梯度优势种生态位重叠指数
A：沟谷常绿阔叶林；B：山地常绿阔叶林；C：针阔混交林；D：常绿阔叶矮林：E：所有海拔梯度。图中指数数值越大，圆圈越大，颜色向深红色渐变；反之，颜色向深蓝色渐变。下同。
Figure 3. Ecological niche overlap index of dominant species at different altitudinal gradients
A: Valley evergreen broad-leaved forest; B: Montane broad-leaved evergreen forest; C: Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest; D: Evergreen broad-leaved dwarf forest; E: All elevation gradients. Larger index value indicates larger circle, and color gradually changes to dark red; in contrast, color gradually changes to dark blue. Same below.
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图 4 不同海拔梯度优势种生态位相似性
Figure 4. Similarity of ecological niches of dominant species across altitudinal gradients
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图 6 重要值变异系数与生态位宽度的关系
Figure 6. Relationships between variance coefficients of importance values and niche breadths
表 1 样地基本信息
Table 1 Basic information of sample plots
样地编号
Sampling site面积
Area / m2海拔
Altitude / m坡度
Slope / °坡向
Aspe林分起源
Stand origin350-1 1 200 342 10 东 次生林 350-2 1 200 344 10 东 次生林 350-3 1 200 337 6 东 次生林 500-1 1 200 494 28 西南 次生林 500-2 1 200 526 35 南 次生林 500-3 1 200 530 30 西南 次生林 600-1 1 200 619 22 南 次生林 600-2 1 200 604 28 南 次生林 600-3 1 200 605 30 东南 次生林 700-1 1 200 703 18 西北 次生林 700-2 1 200 708 22 东南 次生林 700-3 1 200 712 20 东南 次生林 800-1 1 200 810 20 西南 次生林 800-2 1 200 792 18 东南 次生林 800-3 1 200 785 16 东南 次生林 900-1 1 200 900 15 南 次生林 900-2 1 200 904 12 南 次生林 900-3 1 200 885 15 南 次生林 1000-1 1 200 1 026 13 东南 次生林 1000-2 1 200 1 013 18 东南 次生林 1000-3 1 200 1 002 20 东南 次生林 1100-1 1 200 1 112 18 西 次生林 1100-2 1 200 1 109 20 西 次生林 1100-3 1 200 1 103 20 西 次生林 1200-1 1 200 1 210 26 西南 次生林 1200-2 1 200 1 200 22 西南 次生林 1200-3 1 200 1 202 22 西南 次生林 1300-1 1 200 1 350 25 东南 次生林 1300-2 1 200 1 297 23 东 次生林 1300-3 1 200 1 345 30 东南 次生林 1400-1 1 200 1 462 35 东南 原生林 1400-2 1 200 1 432 30 东南 原生林 1400-3 1 200 1 395 26 东北 原生林 1500-1 900 1 558 5 西南 原生林 1500-2 900 1 526 32 西南 原生林 1500-3 900 1 482 35 西南 原生林 1600-1 1 200 1 622 20 西南 原生林 1600-2 1 200 1 628 22 西南 原生林 1600-3 1 200 1 648 30 西南 原生林 1700-1 400 1 700 6 西南 原生林 1700-2 400 1 705 6 西南 原生林 1700-3 400 1 710 6 西南 原生林 1800-1 400 1 778 30 东 原生林 1800-2 400 1 789 28 东 原生林 1800-3 400 1 792 25 南 原生林 
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表 2 不同海拔优势树种重要值及其变异系数
Table 2 Importance values and coefficients of variation of dominant tree species at different altitudes
代码
No.重要值Importance value / % 变异系数
Variance coefficient沟谷常绿阔叶林
Valley evergreen
broad-leaved forest山地常绿阔叶林
Montane broad-leaved evergreen forest针阔混交林
Coniferous and
broad-leaved mixed forest常绿阔叶矮林
Evergreen broad-leaved
dwarf forest所有样地
All plotsS1 10.8 9.0 5.3 5.1 9.3 0.813 S2 8.3 2.1 5.9 13.3 8.0 0.971 S3 4.8 8.8 6.5 3.3 7.9 0.845 S4 4.8 10.1 0.1 − 4.9 1.531 S5 1.6 5.6 2.4 5.9 4.8 1.125 S6 4.0 7.9 1.1 − 4.3 1.625 S7 3.5 5.1 2.1 0.1 4.1 0.951 S8 − − 10.5 − 4.0 2.700 S9 3.2 3.4 2.9 0.4 3.8 0.840 S10 2.3 3.4 2.7 0.5 3.6 0.793 S11 0.9 1.8 5.6 0.2 3.3 1.365 S12 3.7 3.8 0.3 − 3.1 1.157 S13 3.2 2.7 2.2 0.2 3.1 1.381 S14 0.1 0.1 0.9 13.6 3.0 2.775 S15 1.5 2.4 2.7 0.3 2.8 1.040 注：S1，甜槠；S2，青冈；S3，木荷；S4，小红栲；S5，木莲；S6，杉木；S7，拟赤杨；S8，华南五针松；S9，华润楠；S10，杨桐；S11，五列木；S12，罗浮柿；S13，红楠；S14，假地枫皮；S15，尖叶柃。下同。 Notes: S1, Castanopsis eyrei （Champ.） Tutch; S2, Cyclobalanopsis glauca （Thunb.） Oerst; S3, Schima superba Gardn. et Champ.; S4, Castanopsis carlesii （Hemsl.） Hay; S5, Manglietia fordiana Oliv. in Hook.; S6, Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook.; S7, Alniphyllum fortunei （Hemsl.） Makino; S8, Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex Tsiang; S9, Machilus chinensis （Champ. ex Benth.） Hemsl.; S10, Adinandra millettii Hook. et Arn.; S11, Pentaphylax euryoides Gardn. et Champ.; S12, Diospyros morrisiana Hance; S13, Machilus thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc.; S14, Illicium jiadifengpi B. N. Chang; S15, Eurya acuminatissima Merr. et Chun. Same below.
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表 3 不同海拔梯度优势树种生态位宽度
Table 3 Niche breadth of dominant species at different altitudinal gradients
代码
No.沟谷常绿阔叶林
Valley evergreen broad-leaved forest山地常绿阔叶林
Montane broad-leaved evergreen forest针阔混交林
Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest常绿阔叶矮林
Evergreen broad-leaved dwarf forest所有样地
All plotsBL Bsw BL Bsw BL Bsw BL Bsw BL Bsw S1 7.951 2.193 8.034 2.191 8.149 2.182 2.886 1.079 27.338 3.403 S2 6.866 2.136 9.043 2.296 7.965 2.215 4.593 1.753 23.416 3.412 S3 7.631 2.140 8.576 2.303 7.431 2.157 2.906 1.083 26.502 3.412 S4 7.252 2.137 7.279 2.107 1.972 0.686 − − 13.666 2.805 S5 5.429 1.852 6.047 1.990 6.035 1.990 4.577 1.730 20.112 3.239 S6 2.662 1.080 7.720 2.143 2.311 1.151 − − 12.565 2.662 S7 7.647 2.244 9.485 2.361 5.757 1.922 1.996 0.692 23.877 3.327 S8 − − − − 5.535 1.794 − − 5.535 1.794 S9 7.580 2.177 9.238 2.260 7.996 2.193 2.882 1.077 26.627 3.384 S10 6.399 1.974 10.351 2.395 9.216 2.302 2.885 1.078 27.856 3.419 S11 5.583 1.851 7.511 2.166 7.386 2.184 1.000 0.000 15.942 3.060 S12 9.852 2.357 8.455 2.234 1.609 0.695 − − 19.483 3.070 S13 5.316 1.795 6.756 2.117 3.357 1.382 1.000 0.000 15.712 2.943 S14 2.651 1.037 2.000 0.693 2.528 1.346 3.662 1.498 5.276 2.054 S15 5.310 1.856 8.499 2.266 7.059 2.047 2.709 1.040 21.880 3.236
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