Characterization of leaf phenotypic traits in natural populations of three Polyspora species
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摘要:
以大头茶属（Polyspora）3种植物的10个天然居群为研究对象，通过多重比较、巢式方差分析、相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法，对11个叶表型性状的变异规律进行研究。结果显示：（1）叶表型性状在居群内和居群间均存在极显著差异（P<0.01），平均变异系数为17.03%，不同性状的变异幅度为0.05%~31.37%。叶表型性状在居群内和居群间的方差分量均值分别为180.79和82.63，表明叶表型性状分化程度为居群内高于居群间。（2）叶宽、叶柄长、叶面积、叶基角、叶圆度和叶柄指数为叶表型变异的主导因素；各表型性状之间存在明显的相关性，环境因子对大头茶属植物叶表型性状变异的影响很大；基于叶表型性状可将10个居群分为3类。研究结果可为大头茶属植物的适应性进化和开发利用提供理论依据。
Abstract:Leaf phenotypic variation among 10 populations of three Polyspora species was analyzed using multiple comparisons, nested variance analysis, correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. Results revealed: (1) Significant differences in leaf phenotypic traits both within and among Polyspora populations (P<0.01). The average coefficient of variation was 17.03%, with trait-specific variation ranging from 0.05% to 31.37%. Mean variance components for leaf traits were higher within populations (180.79) than among populations (82.63), indicating greater differentiation within populations. (2) Dominant contributors to phenotypic variation included leaf width, petiole length, leaf area, leaf base angle, leaf roundness, and petiole index. Significant correlations among leaf traits were identified, highlighting the strong influence of environmental factors on leaf phenotypic variation. Cluster analysis grouped the 10 populations into three distinct groups based on leaf phenotypic traits. The results provide valuable insights into the adaptive evolution and exploitation of Polyspora species.
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Keywords:
- Leaf traits /
- Natural population /
- Phenotypic variation /
- Environmental factors /
- Polyspora
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图 1 大头茶属植物叶表型性状相关性热图
PL：叶柄长；LL：叶长；LW：叶宽；LP：叶周长；LA：叶面积；LBA：叶基角；LTA：叶尖角；PI：叶柄指数；LSI：叶形指数；LR：叶圆度；EI：椭圆度。下同。
Figure 1. Correlation heatmap of leaf phenotypic traits in Polyspora
PL: Petiole length; LL: Leaf length; LW: Leaf width; LP: Leaf perimeter; LA: Leaf area; LBA: Leaf base angle; LTA: Leaf tip angle; PI: Petiole index; LSI: Leaf shape index; LR: Leaf roundnes; EI: Ellipticalness index. Same below.
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图 2 大头茶属植物叶表型性状与环境因子间的相关性分析
Figure 2. Pearson correlation analysis of phenotypic traits and environmental factors in Polyspora
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图 3 基于叶表型性状的UPGMA聚类图
Figure 3. UPGMA cluster analysis tree based on leaf phenotypic traits
表 1 大头茶属植物天然居群地理生态因子
Table 1 Geo-ecological factors of natural populations of Polyspora
序号
No.物种名称（株数）
Species (ind.)采集地点（代码）
Location (Code)纬度
Latitude
(LAT)经度
Longitude
(LONG)海拔
Altitude
(ALT) / m年均温
Mean annual temperature
（MAT）/ ℃年降水
Annual precipitation
(AP) / mm年日照
Annual sunshine
(AS) / h1 P. speciosa（22） 云南昭通盐津县（YJ） 28°2′6.51″N 104°10′44.18″E 946 17.0 676.3 966.0 2 P. speciosa（25） 重庆北碚缙云山（BB） 29°49′47.84″N 106°23′14.43″E 821 18.3 506.0 1 012.2 3 P. speciosa（24） 四川泸州叙永县（XY） 28°17′16.71″N 105°29′21.56″E 686 17.9 1 067.9 1 170.3 4 P. speciosa（21） 贵州遵义习水县（XS） 28°24′46.73″ N 106°36′4.98″E 1 370 17.0 1 933.6 1 269.0 5 P. kwangsiensis（20） 广西来宾金秀县（JX） 24°14′52.93″N 110°12′41.32″E 1 031 20.1 2 086.2 1 413.7 6 P. kwangsiensis（24） 广西桂林恭城县（GC） 24°59′53.27″N 110°56′23.30″E 460 19.9 1 558.1 1 549.1 7 P. kwangsiensis（24） 广西贺州平桂区（PG） 24°37′15.73″N 111°32′34.92″E 617 20.2 1 609.7 1 274.8 8 P. kwangsiensis（16） 广西百色那坡县（NP） 23°17′36.50″N 105°47′29.4″E 1 135 16.5 1 603.7 1 288.3 9 P. kwangsiensis（7） 广西桂林永福县（YF） 24°52′39.36″N 110°09′4.39″E 296 13.6 1 420.6 1 183.7 10 P. tonkinensis（22） 云南红河屏边县（PB） 22°54′38.64″ E 103°42′2.45″ N 2 048 18.8 1 545.6 1 937.3 
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表 2 大头茶属植物10个天然居群叶表型性状多重比较
Table 2 Multiple comparisons of leaf phenotypic traits among 10 natural populations of Polyspora
叶表型性状
Leaf
phenotypic
trait居群
PopulationYJ BB XY JX GC PG NP PB XS YF PL 22.33±4.06ab 21.30±4.53bc 20.35±4.77bcd 15.37±4.35g 17.86±3.63defg 17.26±3.29efg 19.72±4.61cde 16.78±3.29fg 24.68±5.58a 18.12±2.62def LL 251.28±21.98a 232.78±37.78b 219.20±36.93bc 165.05±19.96e 208.44±21.88cd 198.99±32.13d 222.36±36.36bc 211.72±26.61cd 208.37±49.64bc 199.34±17.73cd LW 69.45±9.20a 67.87±13.71ab 59.47±8.75c 52.96±11.01d 62.85±5.58bc 61.42±6.66c 61.37±9.60c 51.69±7.87d 57.46±13.30cd 59.95±10.88de LSI 3.66±0.41bc 3.47±0.43bcd 3.71±0.48b 3.25±0.78d 3.33±0.36cd 3.25±0.49d 3.66±0.59bc 4.14±0.49a 3.65±0.43ab 3.63±0.22bc PI 0.09±0.02abc 0.09±0.01abc 0.09±0.02abc 0.09±0.02ab 0.09±0.02bc 0.09±0.02bc 0.09±0.02bc 0.08±0.02c 0.12±0.03c 0.09±0.01d LTA 32.30±7.15e 32.52±9.82e 34.51±13.37de 62.96±23.85b 53.08±14.25c 60.33±20.50bc 42.89±14.81d 36.81±11.42de 50.60±15.33c 41.57±13.80d LBA 36.20±6.25e 55.57±7.04abc 47.21±10.15cd 62.43±22.83a 52.04±14.96bcd 55.19±12.30abc 60.66±19.16ab 45.58±12.13d 46.71±7.92d 47.37±10.17de LP 62.88±6.25a 57.14±9.76b 54.11±8.51bc 40.86±4.74e 50.94±4.56cd 48.21±6.90d 53.75±7.16bc 52.28±6.79c 48.64±10.56d 48.66±5.23cd LA 101.85±20.15a 94.13±25.26bc 79.04±24.07c 54.87±14.26e 80.63±13.18c 76.87±16.88cd 85.68±23.81bc 67.64±18.56d 67.99±30.13de 65.98±10.88e LR 0.32±0.03f 0.36±0.04cd 0.34±0.05de 0.41±0.07b 0.39±0.04bc 0.42±0.05b 0.37±0.06c 0.31±0.03f 0.35±0.05ef 0.35±0.03d EI 0.74±0.03e 0.76±0.06de 0.76±0.03de 0.80±0.03b 0.78±0.02bc 0.80±0.03b 0.79±0.03bc 0.78±0.03cd 0.71±0.13d 0.76±0.02de 注：同行不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。PL：叶柄长；LL：叶长；LW：叶宽；LP：叶周长；LA：叶面积；LBA：叶基角；LTA：叶尖角；PI：叶柄指数；LSI：叶形指数；LR：叶圆度；EI：椭圆度。居群缩写为样本采集地代码，其含义与表1相同，下同。 Notes: Different lowercase letters in the same line indicate significant difference (P<0.05). PL: Petiole length; LL: Leaf length; LW: Leaf width; LP: Leaf perimeter; LA: Leaf area; LBA: Leaf base angle; LTA: Leaf tip angle; PI: Petiole index; LSI: Leaf shape index; LR: Leaf roundnes; EI: Ellipticalness index. Abbreviations of population indicate sampling locations as in Table 1. Same below.
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表 3 大头茶属植物天然居群表型性状变异系数
Table 3 Coefficients of variation of phenotypic traits of natural populations of Polyspora
居群
Population叶表型性状变异系数Coefficients of variation of leaf phenotypic traits / % PL LL LW LSI PI LTA LBA LP LA LR EI 均值Mean YJ 17.80 8.57 12.98 11.11 20.17 21.69 16.93 9.75 19.39 7.75 0.04 13.29 BB 20.84 15.90 19.80 12.25 17.93 29.59 12.41 16.74 26.29 11.07 0.07 16.63 XY 22.95 16.51 14.41 12.67 19.67 37.97 21.06 15.4 29.83 14.43 0.04 18.63 JX 27.72 11.85 20.38 23.58 24.26 37.11 35.84 11.36 25.47 17.01 0.04 21.33 GC 19.92 10.29 8.70 10.50 17.40 26.30 28.17 8.77 16.02 9.92 0.02 14.18 PG 18.67 15.82 10.62 14.80 17.77 33.29 21.87 14.02 21.52 11.66 0.03 16.37 NP 22.89 16.02 15.32 15.79 20.33 33.84 30.94 13.05 27.23 15.88 0.03 19.21 PB 19.22 12.31 14.92 11.67 19.62 30.39 26.07 12.72 26.89 11.03 0.04 16.81 XS 22.60 23.82 23.15 11.80 21.04 30.30 16.96 21.70 44.32 13.53 0.18 20.85 YF 14.45 8.89 8.99 6.04 14.16 33.20 21.48 10.75 16.48 9.06 0.03 13.05 均值 20.70 14.00 14.93 13.02 19.24 31.37 23.17 13.43 25.34 12.13 0.05 17.03
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表 4 大头茶属植物居群表型性状的巢式方差分析
Table 4 Nested variance analysis of phenotypic traits of populations of Polyspora
表型性状
Phenotypic trait均方Mean square F值 F value 居群间
Inter-population居群内
Intra-population居群间
Inter-population居群内
Intra-populationPL 202.340 8.760 11.111** 0.481 LL 13036.751 698.822 12.626** 0.677 LW 871.434 53.598 9.250** 0.569 LSI 1.780 0.175 7.226** 0.710 PI 0.003 0 9.233** 1.035 LTA 3 234.154 151.352 13.586** 0.636 LBA 1 547.572 90.130 8.298** 0.483 LP 871.083 31.426 15.609** 0.563 LA 4 947.772 268.632 11.261** 0.611 LR 0.034 0.002 15.320** 0.880 EI 0.019 0.002 7.377** 0.850 Note: **, P<0.01.
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表 5 大头茶属植物叶表型性状的方差分量与表型分化系数
Table 5 Variance components and phenotypic differentiation coefficients of leaf phenotypic traits in Polyspora
表型性状
Phenotypic trait方差分量
Variance component方差分量百分比
Percentage of variance components / %表型分化系数
Phenotypic differentiation
coefficient / %居群间
Inter-population居群内
Intra-population随机误差
Random errors居群间
Inter-population居群内
Intra-populationPL 7.403 17.266 4.967 30.01 69.99 30.00 LL 481.503 999.186 38.480 32.52 67.48 32.52 LW 31.252 90.147 11.018 25.74 74.26 25.74 LSI 0.062 0.239 0.549 20.49 79.51 20.60 PI 0 0 0.021 24.70 75.30 0 LTA 120.191 229.373 18.697 34.38 65.62 34.38 LBA 54.829 176.858 15.221 23.66 76.34 23.67 LP 32.709 53.370 9.278 38.00 62.00 38.00 LA 181.019 422.297 24.562 30.00 70.00 30.00 LR 0.001 0.002 0.059 36.72 63.28 33.33 EI 0.001 0.002 0.056 20.61 79.39 33.33 均值 82.630 180.790 11.170 28.80 71.20 27.42
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表 6 大头茶属植物叶表型性状的主成分分析
Table 6 Principal component analysis of leaf phenotypic traits of Polyspora
叶表型性状
Leaf phenotypic trait主成分Principal component PC1 PC2 PC3 PL 0.389 −0.151 0.868 LL 0.873 −0.427 0.083 LW 0.915 0.320 0.096 LSI −0.073 −0.918 −0.019 PI −0.278 0.174 0.897 LTA −0.363 0.673 0.006 LBA −0.053 0.686 0.003 LP 0.897 −0.371 0.042 LA 0.982 −0.002 −0.048 LR −0.018 0.896 −0.210 EI −0.115 0.312 −0.559 特征值 4.368 2.616 1.841 贡献率 / % 39.712 23.778 16.738 累计贡献率 / % 39.712 63.489 80.228 注：粗体表示该性状在PCA轴上的最大载荷。 Note: Bold indicates maximum load on PCA axis for the trait.
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