Spatial variation in saponin content and climatic response characteristics
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摘要:
运用紫外-可见分光光度法测定4个产区药用植物太子参（Pseudostellaria heterophylla （Miq.）Pax ex Pax et Hoffm.）中的太子参皂苷含量，并分析太子参皂苷含量的地理变异规律，及其与气候因子在不同时间尺度上的响应关系。结果显示，太子参皂苷含量可分为江苏-安徽高含量区和贵州-福建低含量区。太子参皂苷含量与年均日照量呈极显著正相关，与年均相对湿度和年均降水呈负相关；与最热月份最高温呈显著正相关，与最冷季度平均温呈显著负相关。月均日照量和月均温对太子参皂苷含量影响较大，其中1-12月的月均日照量与太子参皂苷含量呈显著正相关；1-4月和11-12月的月均温与太子参皂苷含量呈负相关；5-9月的月均温与太子参皂苷含量呈正相关。产区间日照量差异可能是造成太子参皂苷含量地理变异的主要气候因素，日照量高、季度间温度差异大且相对少雨、低湿的地区有助于太子参皂苷的形成和积累。
Abstract:Ultra-violet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS) was applied to determine saponin content in Pseudostellaria heterophylla in four main producing areas to analyze their spatial variation rules. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the response relationship between multi-scale climatic factors and saponin content. Results showed significant spatial variation in saponin content, with high-content regions in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces and low-content regions in Guizhou and Fujian provinces. Saponin content was strongly positively correlated with annual average solar radiation, while negatively correlated with annual average humidity and annual precipitation. Furthermore, saponin content was positively correlated with maximum temperature of the warmest month, while negatively correlated with mean temperature in the coldest quarter. Monthly mean solar radiation and monthly mean temperature were key factors for saponin content in P. heterophylla. Saponin content was strongly positively correlated with monthly average solar radiation from January to December and positively correlated with monthly mean temperature from May to September, but negatively correlated with monthly mean temperature from January to April and November to December. Results indicated that solar radiation is a vital climate factor for the spatial variation of saponin content. High-solar radiation, high temperature differences, and low precipitation and humidity were conducive to saponin accumulation in P. heterophylla.
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图 1 不同产区太子参皂苷含量柱状图
Figure 1. Histogram of saponin content in Pseudostellaria heterophylla from different regions
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图 2 不同产地年均因子热图
JS：江苏；AH：安徽；GZ：贵州；FJ：福建。NJS：年降水；NJW：年均温；RZ：年均日照时数；SD：年均相对湿度。下同。
Figure 2. Heatmap of annual climate factors
JS: Jiangsu; AH: Anhui; GZ: Guizhou; FJ: Fujian. NJS: Average annual precipitation; NJW: Average annual temperature; RZ: Sunshine duration; SD: Average annual humidity. Same below.
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图 3 太子参皂苷含量与年均气候因子的 Pearson 系数
HL：太子参皂苷含量。
Figure 3. Pearson correlation coefficients between annual climate factors and saponin content
HL: Saponin content in Pseudostellaria heterophylla.
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图 4 太子参皂苷含量与月均温的Pearson系数
HL：太子参皂苷含量；tmeanx：x月均温。
Figure 4. Pearson correlation coefficients between mean monthly temperature and saponin content
HL: Saponin content in Pseudostellaria heterophylla; tmeanx: Mean monthly temperature in x.
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图 5 不同地区月均温箱线图
JS-AH：江苏-安徽；GZ-FJ：贵州-福建。下同。
Figure 5. Boxplot of mean monthly temperature in different regions
JS-AH: Jiangsu-Anhui; GZ-FJ: Guizhou-Fujian. Same below.
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图 6 不同地区月均日照量箱线图
Figure 6. Boxplot of mean monthly solar radiation levels in different regions
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图 7 不同地区月均水汽压箱线图
Figure 7. Boxplot of mean monthly vapor pressure levels in different regions
表 1 样本地理信息
Table 1 Geographic information of sample
省市级
Province and municipality区/县级市
District/county-level city乡镇
Villages and towns编号
Classify and code江苏省镇江市 句容市 袁巷镇 JS-1 江苏省镇江市 句容市 茅山镇 JS-2 江苏省镇江市 句容市 天王镇 JS-3 江苏省镇江市 句容市 天王镇 JS-4 安徽省宣城市 宣州区 黄渡乡 AH-1 安徽省宣城市 宣州区 古泉镇 AH-2 福建省宁德市 柘荣县 富溪镇 FJ 江苏省镇江市 句容市 陈武乡 JS-5 贵州省黔东南州 施秉县 牛大场镇 GZ-1 安徽省宣城市 广德市 东亭乡 AH-3 江苏省常州市 溧阳市 上兴镇 JS-6 江苏省常州市 金坛区 薛埠镇 JS-7 安徽宣城市 宣州区 向阳镇 AH-4 贵州参黔东南州 黄平县 — GZ-2 
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表 2 太子参皂苷含量与季度气候因子间的Pearson系数
Table 2 Pearson correlation coefficients between seasonal climatic factors and saponin content
气候因子
Climate factor相关系数
Correlation coefficient显著性（双尾）
Sig.气候因子
Climate factor相关系数
Correlation coefficient显著性（双尾）
Sig.bio2 0.423 0.132 bio11 −0.863** 0.000 bio3 −0.923** 0.000 bio14 0.315 0.272 bio5 0.893** 0.000 bio15 −0.775** 0.001 bio7 0.961** 0.000 bio18 −0.475 0.086 bio8 0.853** 0.000 bio19 0.290 0.314 bio9 −0.146 0.619 注：** 表示0.01 级别（双尾）相关性显著。下同。 Note: ** indicates significant differences at P < 0.01 level. Same below.
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表 3 太子参皂苷含量与月均降水的Pearson系数
Table 3 Pearson correlation coefficients between mean monthly precipitation and saponin content
综合气候因子
Climate factor相关性
Correlation显著性（双尾）
Sig.综合气候因子
Climate factor相关性
Correlation显著性（双尾）
Sig.prec_1 0.339 0.235 prec_7 0.891** 0.000 prec_2 0.230 0.429 prec_8 −0.556* 0.039 prec_3 −0.044 0.880 prec_9 −0.461 0.097 prec_4 −0.576* 0.031 prec_10 −0.950** 0.000 prec_5 −0.906** 0.000 prec_11 −0.719** 0.004 prec_6 −0.630* 0.016 prec_12 0.315 0.272 注：* 表示 0.05 级别（双尾）相关性显著。下同。 Note: * indicates significant differences at P < 0.05 level. Same below.
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表 5 太子参皂苷含量与月均水汽压的Pearson系数
Table 5 Pearson correlation coefficients between mean monthly vapor pressure and saponin content
综合气候因子
Climate factor相关性
Correlation显著性（双尾）
Sig.综合气候因子
Climate factor相关性
Correlation显著性（双尾）
Sig.vapr_1 −0.864** 0.000 vapr_7 0.944** 0.000 vapr_2 −0.850** 0.000 vapr_8 0.942** 0.000 vapr_3 −0.860** 0.000 vapr_9 0.744** 0.002 vapr_4 −0.811** 0.000 vapr_10 0.194 0.506 vapr_5 −0.316 0.271 vapr_11 −0.618* 0.019 vapr_6 0.673** 0.008 vapr_12 −0.886** 0.000
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表 4 太子参皂苷含量与月均日照量的Pearson系数
Table 4 Pearson correlation coefficients between mean monthly solar radiation and saponin content
综合气候因子
Climate factor相关性
Correlation显著性（双尾）
Sig.综合气候因子
Climate factor相关性
Correlation显著性（双尾）
Sig.srad_1 0.872** 0.000 srad_7 0.668** 0.009 srad_2 0.889** 0.000 srad_8 0.827** 0.000 srad_3 0.990** 0.000 srad_9 0.596* 0.024 srad_4 0.984** 0.000 srad_10 0.838** 0.000 srad_5 0.986** 0.000 srad_11 0.785** 0.001 srad_6 0.975** 0.000 srad_12 0.770** 0.001
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